The president is directly elected, and while voting is first-past-the-post, the winner must carry a quarter of the vote in twenty-four of the country’s forty-seven counties. The 2017 election went to a runoff and the result of the runoff was annulled by the Supreme Court. The opposition boycotted the second runoff, citing major shortcomings in the independence of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). The incumbent President Kenyatta won the second runoff with 98.3% of the vote, in an election that saw 39% voter turnout (compared to the first runoff’s 80%). Additionally, the 2017 election was marred by violence. The chief vote-counter of the IEBC was murdered and his body showed signs of torture. Another commissioner fled Kenya and sought asylum in the United States. The IEBC eventually announced that under the current political conditions in Kenya, a free and fair election could not be guaranteed, citing violent attacks against officials as well as voter intimidation by vigilante groups. The government has also been accused of voter intimidation in some areas. Kenya’s parliament is partially directly elected in a byzantine appointment system. 290 assemblymen are directly elected, 47 women are elected by each county, and twelve are nominated by parties based on their share of directly elected seats. Forty-seven senators are directly elected, sixteen women are appointed by parties based on their share of seats won, and four are nominated members representing youth and those with disabilities. Parliamentary elections noted few irregularities - not enough to swing the results in any given district. The IEBC is subject to intimidation, as well as political pressure from the incumbent Jubilee Coalition. Electoral Laws favor the incumbent. The National Assembly passed a controversial measure in 2017 making it significantly more difficult for the Supreme Court to annull the results of a presidential election. Coalitions regularly form with the sole goal of contesting election results. Party allegiances are fickle and parties and coalitions regularly dissolve and reform. The Jubilee Coalition and the National Super Alliance (NaSA) have historically dominated politics but the strength of these coalitions has been weakening and they may split before the next election. Ethnic minorities are disenfranchised.