Colombia - 55.66

84

Going the way of Chile, rather than Venezuela

Colombia is a country that is uniquely poised to capitalize on the future. Recently brokered peace deals with FARC, the largest of Colombia’s once-fearsome insurgencies, have ushered in a new era of peace and prosperity for Colombia. The foundations for a first-world country are already there. The WHO ranked Colombia’s healthcare system the 22nd best in the world, beating out much of Europe. Colombia boasts a strong democracy and is by all accounts a very free country. However, a number of issues continue to hold Colombia back. While the influence of both insurgency and the cartels have diminished since their zenith in the 1980s but remain present in the country. Colombia remains a critical stop on the American Cocaine Run and FARC dissidents, as well as other insurgent groups, still control large portions of the Colombian countryside. Colombia is gripped by corruption. While not as bad as in some of its neighbors, Colombia still struggles with corruption on an endemic scale, posing a major obstacle to development. Additionally, Colombia’s continuous issues with police brutality and a low approval rating for successive governments have bred political unrest. Despite this, Colombia’s future is very bright and in the coming years, Colombia could be better comparable to Chile and Uruguay than Peru and Paraguay.

Human Rights - 34

Third-party groups flagrantly violate human rights often and regularly, limiting Colombia’s score to 50. Colombia is the highest-scoring country to receive this designation. Colombia has fully abolished the death penalty. Cartel presence has greatly diminished in Colombia in recent decades; cartels no longer control much of Colombia and instead operate primarily in insurgency-controlled areas. Cartels still exert direct control over some towns in rural Colombia. Militants continue to control large parts of the jungles in Colombia’s South. While FARC dissidents have diminished in influence and many have moved into Venezuela, the Gaitanista Self-Defence Forces of Colombia and several other insurgencies continue to control villages in the countryside. Clashes among various armed groups and the police often catch civilians in the crossfire. Armed groups have laid anti-personnel mines that have killed civilians and various armed groups have razed entire villages under the control of rival groups. Furthermore, armed groups were responsible for a minimum of sixty-six extrajudicial executions but this figure is likely significantly higher due to the number of unresolved missing persons cases in areas under the control of armed groups. Riot police engaged in brutal tactics to respond to Colombia’s frequent protests. Sixty-five riot police across several cities are under investigation for police brutality over the deaths of protestors. On several occasions, riot police fired live ammunition into crowds of peaceful protestors, resulting in several deaths. Police beat peaceful protestors during detention on several occasions and used multiple-round heavy projectile launchers to fire tear gas canisters and stun grenades into crowds. These tactics were ruled brutal by the United Nations. On several occasions, police violently dispersed legally organized, peaceful protests. This was mostly done in response to escalation by protestors but in some instances, police acted unprompted. Police detained over 1200 people during protests - only 215 were ever charged. Most were released within a few hours or days of detention and never given a reason. Police brutality is a systemic and ingrained issue in Colombia. Police were responsible for several extrajudicial executions in Colombia but few were ever investigated. Native groups defending environmental rights were subject to harassment and attacks. Forty-five human rights defenders were murdered in 2020, most of whom were members of Indigenous groups defending environmental rights. Colombia guarantees a full gamut of LGBT rights. Abortion was legal to preserve the physical and mental health of a woman as well as in cases of rape, incest, and fetal impairment. Since the scoring period elapsed, Colombia expanded abortion protections and it is now legal to twenty-four weeks.

Democracy - 81

The president is directly elected and elections are free and fair. Parliamentary elections are generally free and fair but the appointment process is complicated. 100 members of the Senate are elected through proportional representation while two are chosen by indigenous groups and one is reserved for the runner-up in the presidential election. 161 representatives are elected through proportional representation while two seats are chosen by Afro-Colombian groups, one seat is reserved for the runner-up vice presidential nominee, and five seats are nominated by FARC under the 2018 Peace Accords. Campaign finance laws favor the incumbent and big parties but elections are generally free and fair. Colombia has a very strong multi-party system and the Duque administration holds a weak coalition. Armed groups exert control over politics in areas under their control. Local elections as high as the District Governor are subject to violence, intimidation, and fraud. Voters are often intimidated by armed groups.

Freedom - 75

Journalists face intimidation, violence, and kidnapping by armed groups and organized crime. The government is almost never directly involved in silencing journalists. On several occasions, the government has refused to investigate the harassment or killing of journalists. Colombian riot police engaged in tactics ruled brutal by the United Nations to quell protests throughout the year. Sixty-five riot police across several cities are under investigation for the employment of said tactics. Police used multiple-round heavy projectile launchers and on several occasions live ammunition on crowds of peaceful protestors. Police also beat peaceful protestors during detention on several occasions. On several occasions, police violently dispersed legally organized, peaceful protests. This was primarily done in response to escalation by protestors but on several occasions, police acted unprompted. Trade unionists face consistent harassment. Drug possession or consumption for personal use is not a crime in Colombia. Manufacture, distribution, or trafficking carry very heavy sentences. Colombia requires a justification to own all weapons. Self-defense and sport shooting are valid justifications for handguns while hunting, collecting, and sport shooting are valid justifications for rifles. Semi-automatic rifles are currently under a moratorium and licenses are only issued under exception, but these exceptions can be obtained through bribery.

Economy - 58

Health - 66

Colombia has a life expectancy of 77 years and an infant mortality rate of 1.2%. 22.1% of Colombians are obese and 8.8% are malnourished. Malnourishment and food insecurity disproportionately affects indigenous communities. Colombia’s universal healthcare system ranked 22nd in the world by the WHO. Despite this, some indigenous communities lack access to healthcare. 97.% of Colombians have access to clean, running water. Most Colombians without access live in indigenous communities. Colombia has issues with tropical mosquito-borne illnesses, namely malaria, dengue, and zika.

Corruption - 19

The Supreme Court is the only court in the entirety of Colombia that is not permeated by corruption. Police brutality is an issue moreso than police corruption. Police corruption occurs at road checkpoints but is not a systemic issue. Bribery is sometimes necessary to obtain public services. Land rights, especially those of Native Americans, are not adequately protected. The government has appropriated civilian land for mining corporations on several occasions. It is possible to smuggle anything in and out of Colombia. Public contracts are impossible to obtain without bribery.

Competency - 38

The government is failing to protect people from violent crime and insurgency. Indigenous groups remain critically underprovided for. Corruption remains rampant throughout Colombia.

Future - 80

Colombia’s future is very bright. The activity of armed groups has been diminishing in recent decades as FARC continues to disarm and move elsewhere. The government continues to carry out successful operations against armed groups. The Colombian economy was growing steadily before the pandemic and is likely to rebound afterwards. The government has shown that it is willing to listen to protests and has responded to several demonstrations in recent years.

Actions Abroad - 52

Armed groups based in Colombia have carried out attacks in neighboring countries, most notably FARC against Venezuelan authorities. Colombia is a key part of the American cocaine run and is a major starting point of cocaine smuggling runs that finish in the United States. Colombia claims an area of EEZ that is also claimed by Nicaragua. This area is under the de facto control of neither nation and holds few natural resources. Despite close relations with the United States, Colombia has sided with Venezuela over the United States on several occasions. This ended in 2019 when President Duque helped the Venezuelan opposition smuggle humanitarian aid into the country and Colombia recognized the presidency of Juan Guaido. Colombia and Venezuela severed diplomatic relations in 2019. Colombia does not recognize Palestine but supports a two-state solution and has indicated it would be willing to mediate talks between Israel and Palestine.

4.9% of Colombians live below the international poverty line and 34.9% live below the national poverty line. Colombia’s unemployment rate spiked during the pandemic. In 2019, 9.84% of Colombians were unemployed while that number jumped to 15.44% in 2020. The minimum wage in Colombia is $242 per month. Colombia has a very strong universal healthcare system. The WHO ranked Colombia’s healthcare system as the 22nd best in the world. Despite this, some far-flung indigenous communities lack access to healthcare. The Colombian economy shrunk 6.8% in 2020 and grew 3.3% in 2019.